They barely provide any protection. Well, they protect it from script kiddies, but even with tons of GPU's, there wasn't too much of a worry there... after all, 99% of them are looking to make money, so all theyed do is change someones payout address, which they can do whether a machine is CPU mining, GPU mining or ASIC mining.
For an attacker intent on taking down bitcoin, they provide next to no protection... First, that attacker isn't looking for profit. Second, by contemplating attacking bitcoin, they're well aware that it's going to cost 7 or 8 figures. And a 7 or 8 figure expense is a rounding error in the budget of most governments or banks, any of whom could contract the developement of their own ASIC and still take it down with relative ease.
Well no. There is no bank where 8 figures is a "rounding error" and most nations could not afford that type of expenditure. Still Bitcoin is hardly worth spending 8 figures to kill it today however someday Bitcoins might have 100x the economic activity and then spending 10 figures is beyond a rounding error for just about everyone on the planet.
The cost in killing Bitcoin is that the second you do someone will release a newer coin that is immune (or at least very resistant) to the method you used to kill it. Think POW/POS hybrid or something we haven't even thought of yet. Necessity is the mother of all invention. Much like killing Napster didn't kill file sharing. So what is next spend another 8-12 figures killing the half dozen next gen hybrids spawned from the carcass of Bitcoin? Then what spend another 8-12 figures killing their hybrids. It is merely forced evolution.
ASICs does three things:
a) prevents attackers from "cheating". Pretend ASICs don't exist and the attacker uses a technology over a magnitude more efficient. Bitcoin GPU miners march into battle with flintlock rifles and get nuked from orbit by a star destroyer.
b) finally eliminates the risk of botnets. Some people think GPU have done that but the on core GPU (APU) have significantly improved and now Intel and AMD both include OpenCL drivers in their default installs. It is only a matter of time before botnets start adapting to use GPU power. Now the on-core GPU may seem but they are capable of 50 to 100 MH/s. A botnet with ten thousand such nodes would have significant power against an "all GPU" network.
c) has the potential of creating widespread hashing power on a scale never see before. Think $5 chip in home router (Bitcoin edition) adding 1 GH/s to the network. Now imagine someone like dlink is making the router and sells 50 million units.