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In science, you generate a theory and a relevant test and if the theory accurately predicts the outcome of the test than you consider it to be valid.
I just want to quote that because I find it especially cogent. (edit: I'd be inclined to use the words 'theory' and 'hypothesis' slightly differently, but the idea is clear enough and is spot on.) ...
Thanks for the kind words. If you don't mind me asking, how might you have phrased it differently?
My understanding/idea of 'how you do science' is:
- Generate a hypothesis which might explain an observation
- repeat the above as often as one's strength allows, look for other people's hypotheses, and add new ones in the course of what follows
- gather as many observations as possible and reject the hypotheses which don't work. They normally drop like flies.
- repeat the above until the number of hypothesis are reduced and a relatively small number stand out as especially durable.
At this point you might have something which could approach being called a 'theory.' Now move more into a phase where you are
- provoking behaviors designed to produce observations specifically to validate and especially to invalidate the theory.
Not sure how best to phrase that. It gets even more complex when 'systems' are mixed in instead of 'observation' as is usually the case. In saying 'generate a theory' to describe the process I just felt that you perhaps downplayed the idea that a 'theory' is normally a pretty late-stage and strong thing. In retrospect I maybe should not have felt that way.
The main thing is that there is no shame whatsoever in incorrect hypothesis. By definition most hypothesis are incorrect. The only 'sin' is NOT having enough
incorrect hypotheses. I have no trouble leaving a problems as a reduced set of hypotheses because the method described above is, while usually enjoyable, fairly protracted and it is sometimes not practical to obtain enough observations. Or at least high quality ones.
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I'm sensitive about this (perceived) mis-use of the word 'theory' because I am regularly thought of as a 'conspiracy theorist.' In reality, it is much more the case that I just don't reject hypothesis unless I can do so fairly unequivocally and don't normally call something a theory while multiple hypotheses remain reasonable in tact. Thus, for instance, I happen to entertain the hypothesis that ISIS is primarily a CIA invention. I am not sure of this, and there are other plausible explanations for ISIS's existence in it's present form, but it is one of the hypotheses that best match the observations I've been able to make at this point in time.
To me, rejecting a hypothesis because it is unpopular, unpleasant, carries a particular label, or whatever is just ignorant. Most 'conspiracy theories' are rejected solely for that reason. Those theories/hypothesis that then eventually turn out to be almost certainly true (e.g., the NSA monitors most of what we do electronically) catch a lot of people by surprise.