On 1. I can concede a bit from the previous stance that ASICs completely destroy decentralization in the sense it can provably allow large-scale growth after a sufficient amount of time has been spent without them growing the base network, and only a certain amount of decentralization is lost, and ASICs are not much more "profitable" except for energy savings in the sense that using two of them will give you 1000x more money than using two computers (or previous generation of network supporters), and the cost of purchasing them isn't an ungodly amount so that I might consider an investment. To this effect, the power won't be out of my hands for long . . and that I might be okay with. I feel like if nothing else this should be a balance where if the scales were originally tipped in my direction, they should be tipped in the other so long as they can once again be tipped in my favor.
On 2. I could never see no problems in a hard fork. There are always major problems in forking a coin. Again, my main example is Litecoin. The original spirit of the coin was that it was ASIC proof. After the stance switched to ASIC resistant . . people saw this as an open door to create new currencies and splinter off of the main fork. Now the stance is clearly neither of these as the ASIC machines are here . . and we're left with the core team itself addressing questions as to a hard fork amongst people making yet more of their own "asic-proof/resistant" forks. One concession leads to another which leads to another . . and this has pulled attention and value away from Litecoin and into a multitude of various Scrypt forks. My point is that the spirit of the community is not and never will be one unified spirit. Anonymity does not have to be part of your algorithm and I refuse to believe it will be. Take for example Bytecoin . . not the sha256 one but the real one based on CryptoNight.
While I agree with many of your points I'm not sure if I understand what you want to say in conclusion.
That one concession leads to another is correct. But what will follow from that? Ignoring changing environments and stay at your roots till new currencies are multiple years ahead on a technical basis (and therefore also in security)?
In my opinion a coin that claims to be good enough for a substantial market capitalization (I mean here real living economy and not pump&dump) needs to take care of all technical developments and change its code basis significantly from time to time. There's no way around.
That said, a coin developer needs to decide whether he wants to create a coin for mass adoption and daily use, then he will be conservative and very careful in changing substantial parts of the code.
If you want to create a coin just for exploring a specific aspect without the desire of being the next Dollar, then much faster transformations are totally legit. Not every coin is made to be investor friendly or easy to use for non technical persons.
What I want to say is: each coin must decide what it wants to be.
This is a really difficult discussion as so many different aspect and arguments are coming in - hope I don't got lost in it
I was trying to build off the idea that in choosing a master node (or attributing another part of DarkSend) based on data yield from the previous block found (this is how DarkSend works from my understanding, but someone please tell me if I'm wrong) .. it seems that the basis of allowing anonymity is permanently tied to (becomes some function of) the hash function itself. Personally I see it as something that can be independent of the hash function, but these are just hopes and dreams from what I can tell is available right now .. with alternatives like regular CoinJoin or 3rd party mixing (Still have a lot of reading to do, but I think there's enough here to make my point). I could be totally wrong though, and this might be the best way to go about this.
As far as what follows from the concessions .. that depends a lot on the decisions that are made and how Litecoin turns out in the next few months. I could easily see faults you mention with ignoring a changing landscape and not adapting . . and I'm sure they do too otherwise they would be laughing at x11 . . but even if it is flawed it's still wide open to a bigger vector. The same one that's in bitcoin as well . . if the price went up 100x in the next few months . . yet it's still flawed, outdated, and offers nothing new besides the Scrypt PoW . . people will still hold on to it and continue because it has an established value. I see it as a form of bribery. Not that it's a terrible thing, just that that's what it seems like to me. "Hold onto your coins because we say they're worth xxx dollars," seems like a strange way to keep value to me is all. Also, if Sha256 itself is ruined somehow, at least there would be a chance for Scrypt to survive.
Apart from that, the other clear result so far is new hashing functions. We now have Scrypt-Jane, n-Scrypt, X11 and other numerous chained algorithms all available to serve as a suitable PoW for the infrastructure that goes into these coins. Each one a definite leap toward moving away from pennies, dimes, nickels and quarters.
More toward your point about changing algorithms though . . this introduces some tough back-end issues for me. Let's say that Vertcoin decided to switch to x11 from n-scrypt tomorrow. In this situation, you are moving from a capability for one person to mine 5-6 times as much as before, and instead mine with a cloud of computers instead of just a graphics card. In this case, the first people that flocked to your coin will immediately feel cheated just because the difficulty would go from 200 to about 1200 overnight. Every hope, assumption or definition of "what would an 800 difficulty be like" would be immediately be gone. You're effectively changing the entire coin to a different one . . while calling it the same one.
All this amidst others who have decided that doing something like that generally requires making an "alt" coin to begin with . . well I would imagine panic and bedlam if we're talking about 50 million dollars in market cap. I've taken the example to an extreme here . . but I guess what I'm getting at is that these algorithms are all open-source. Respecting the entire concept of that, to me, involves never taking someone else's algorithm (and usually coin concept) after I've already settled on my own. I guess I could settle on a middle ground here and say that as long as it's not an open-source ripoff,and instead an original improvement I can deal with algorithm changes.