Hey, on the prison survey - for the prisoners taking the survey, was data included for how long they were in prison? What were their beliefs prior to reaching prison? Etc?
People find 'religion' in hardship times such as jail. Atheism is the type of thing people are more likely to embrace when things are going well - not for when they are looking for hope.
Topic: State Atheism (Read 6828 times)
So, if the purpose for you with the first link is establish that Norwegians are rated very high in happiness, as I said before, we are good on that . If all you wanted was to establish that, and then via the other links try and connect that happiness with atheism, that is fine. Of course, you did not even establish with any of your quotes above from the first link that Norwegians are even mentioned, let alone happy, which is ironic, but since I read the whole article, and did not cherry pick it, I can concur..
But that you cannot commit to that being your only purpose in giving the first link, even that is very telling.
Whenever you are ready to answer the charge that atheists don't commit crime, non-religious places in numerous countries are safer than the US, the people are often happier than in the US. There aren't many atheists in prison.But that you cannot commit to that being your only purpose in giving the first link, even that is very telling.
Whenever you are ready to explain why these data are wrong, or why the data suggest atheists have good morals, I am waiting.
Clearly, the first link helps you not at all. In fact, it may actually argue your case - which may be why you have avoided noting any references from the first link that actually mention Norway.
As to the other links you provided - I think over 280 post sums up where we can find such links going forward. You do not disagree with that, so, I will start with one of them next.
Atheism and crime.
The blind study that was anonymous and surveyed over 4000 US prisoners found 0.7% atheists in prison, and nearly 9% of atheists in the general population. Is there something wrong with the study? Are atheists bad and have no morals.... but the police just don't catch them and send them to prison? Are the prisoners lying even though the survey is completely anonymous? What is your argument that these data don't make a case that atheists appear to be law abiding and morally intact? Present data or evidence to substantiate your argument that this study is wrong.
Do the data on crime in nonreligious communities, which indicate much lower rates of crime than in the US, corroborate that atheists appear to have morals and do not commit crime? Or are they committing crime and being immoral and not getting caught? If you believe this, present some data to counter it.
I have presented data and studies. You have presented......nothing. Wouldn't you like to try to have your first debate zolace?
And also part of the problem is that you keep getting confused over what is being discussed.
For example - the issue is not whether an atheist can or cannot be happy. But, if he is happy, whether it is due to his atheism.
As far as moral - again, no one is argueing whether an atheist can have morals. But its another thing to argue that atheism promotes morals.
It must suck to have no answers and not be capable of defending a position. I wish you luck.
Not data supporting that you can find happy atheists - that there is a connection between atheism and happiness. If anything (and you cannot deny this) - we have seen you cherry pick from the first link. That right there puts your case into question.
So, if the purpose for you with the first link is establish that Norwegians are rated very high in happiness, as I said before, we are good on that . If all you wanted was to establish that, and then via the other links try and connect that happiness with atheism, that is fine. Of course, you did not even establish with any of your quotes above from the first link that Norwegians are even mentioned, let alone happy, which is ironic, but since I read the whole article, and did not cherry pick it, I can concur..
But that you cannot commit to that being your only purpose in giving the first link, even that is very telling.
Whenever you are ready to answer the charge that atheists don't commit crime, non-religious places in numerous countries are safer than the US, the people are often happier than in the US. There aren't many atheists in prison.But that you cannot commit to that being your only purpose in giving the first link, even that is very telling.
Whenever you are ready to explain why these data are wrong, or why the data suggest atheists have good morals, I am waiting.
Clearly, the first link helps you not at all. In fact, it may actually argue your case - which may be why you have avoided noting any references from the first link that actually mention Norway.
As to the other links you provided - I think over 280 post sums up where we can find such links going forward. You do not disagree with that, so, I will start with one of them next.
Atheism and crime.
The blind study that was anonymous and surveyed over 4000 US prisoners found 0.7% atheists in prison, and nearly 9% of atheists in the general population. Is there something wrong with the study? Are atheists bad and have no morals.... but the police just don't catch them and send them to prison? Are the prisoners lying even though the survey is completely anonymous? What is your argument that these data don't make a case that atheists appear to be law abiding and morally intact? Present data or evidence to substantiate your argument that this study is wrong.
Do the data on crime in nonreligious communities, which indicate much lower rates of crime than in the US, corroborate that atheists appear to have morals and do not commit crime? Or are they committing crime and being immoral and not getting caught? If you believe this, present some data to counter it.
I have presented data and studies. You have presented......nothing. Wouldn't you like to try to have your first debate zolace?
And also part of the problem is that you keep getting confused over what is being discussed.
For example - the issue is not whether an atheist can or cannot be happy. But, if he is happy, whether it is due to his atheism.
As far as moral - again, no one is argueing whether an atheist can have morals. But its another thing to argue that atheism promotes morals.
It must suck to have no answers and not be capable of defending a position. I wish you luck.
So, if the purpose for you with the first link is establish that Norwegians are rated very high in happiness, as I said before, we are good on that . If all you wanted was to establish that, and then via the other links try and connect that happiness with atheism, that is fine. Of course, you did not even establish with any of your quotes above from the first link that Norwegians are even mentioned, let alone happy, which is ironic, but since I read the whole article, and did not cherry pick it, I can concur..
But that you cannot commit to that being your only purpose in giving the first link, even that is very telling.
Whenever you are ready to answer the charge that atheists don't commit crime, non-religious places in numerous countries are safer than the US, the people are often happier than in the US. There aren't many atheists in prison.But that you cannot commit to that being your only purpose in giving the first link, even that is very telling.
Whenever you are ready to explain why these data are wrong, or why the data suggest atheists have good morals, I am waiting.
Clearly, the first link helps you not at all. In fact, it may actually argue your case - which may be why you have avoided noting any references from the first link that actually mention Norway.
As to the other links you provided - I think over 280 post sums up where we can find such links going forward. You do not disagree with that, so, I will start with one of them next.
Atheism and crime.
The blind study that was anonymous and surveyed over 4000 US prisoners found 0.7% atheists in prison, and nearly 9% of atheists in the general population. Is there something wrong with the study? Are atheists bad and have no morals.... but the police just don't catch them and send them to prison? Are the prisoners lying even though the survey is completely anonymous? What is your argument that these data don't make a case that atheists appear to be law abiding and morally intact? Present data or evidence to substantiate your argument that this study is wrong.
Do the data on crime in nonreligious communities, which indicate much lower rates of crime than in the US, corroborate that atheists appear to have morals and do not commit crime? Or are they committing crime and being immoral and not getting caught? If you believe this, present some data to counter it.
I have presented data and studies. You have presented......nothing. Wouldn't you like to try to have your first debate zolace?
And also part of the problem is that you keep getting confused over what is being discussed.
For example - the issue is not whether an atheist can or cannot be happy. But, if he is happy, whether it is due to his atheism.
As far as moral - again, no one is argueing whether an atheist can have morals. But its another thing to argue that atheism promotes morals.
So, if the purpose for you with the first link is establish that Norwegians are rated very high in happiness, as I said before, we are good on that . If all you wanted was to establish that, and then via the other links try and connect that happiness with atheism, that is fine. Of course, you did not even establish with any of your quotes above from the first link that Norwegians are even mentioned, let alone happy, which is ironic, but since I read the whole article, and did not cherry pick it, I can concur..
But that you cannot commit to that being your only purpose in giving the first link, even that is very telling.
Whenever you are ready to answer the charge that atheists don't commit crime, non-religious places in numerous countries are safer than the US, the people are often happier than in the US. There aren't many atheists in prison.But that you cannot commit to that being your only purpose in giving the first link, even that is very telling.
Whenever you are ready to explain why these data are wrong, or why the data suggest atheists have good morals, I am waiting.
Clearly, the first link helps you not at all. In fact, it may actually argue your case - which may be why you have avoided noting any references from the first link that actually mention Norway.
As to the other links you provided - I think over 280 post sums up where we can find such links going forward. You do not disagree with that, so, I will start with one of them next.
Atheism and crime.
The blind study that was anonymous and surveyed over 4000 US prisoners found 0.7% atheists in prison, and nearly 9% of atheists in the general population. Is there something wrong with the study? Are atheists bad and have no morals.... but the police just don't catch them and send them to prison? Are the prisoners lying even though the survey is completely anonymous? What is your argument that these data don't make a case that atheists appear to be law abiding and morally intact? Present data or evidence to substantiate your argument that this study is wrong.
Do the data on crime in nonreligious communities, which indicate much lower rates of crime than in the US, corroborate that atheists appear to have morals and do not commit crime? Or are they committing crime and being immoral and not getting caught? If you believe this, present some data to counter it.
I have presented data and studies. You have presented......nothing. Wouldn't you like to try to have your first debate zolace?
So, if the purpose for you with the first link is establish that Norwegians are rated very high in happiness, as I said before, we are good on that . If all you wanted was to establish that, and then via the other links try and connect that happiness with atheism, that is fine. Of course, you did not even establish with any of your quotes above from the first link that Norwegians are even mentioned, let alone happy, which is ironic, but since I read the whole article, and did not cherry pick it, I can concur..
But that you cannot commit to that being your only purpose in giving the first link, even that is very telling.
Whenever you are ready to answer the charge that atheists don't commit crime, non-religious places in numerous countries are safer than the US, the people are often happier than in the US. There aren't many atheists in prison.But that you cannot commit to that being your only purpose in giving the first link, even that is very telling.
Whenever you are ready to explain why these data are wrong, or why the data suggest atheists have good morals, I am waiting.
Clearly, the first link helps you not at all. In fact, it may actually argue your case - which may be why you have avoided noting any references from the first link that actually mention Norway.
As to the other links you provided - I think over 280 post sums up where we can find such links going forward. You do not disagree with that, so, I will start with one of them next.
So, if the purpose for you with the first link is establish that Norwegians are rated very high in happiness, as I said before, we are good on that . If all you wanted was to establish that, and then via the other links try and connect that happiness with atheism, that is fine. Of course, you did not even establish with any of your quotes above from the first link that Norwegians are even mentioned, let alone happy, which is ironic, but since I read the whole article, and did not cherry pick it, I can concur..
But that you cannot commit to that being your only purpose in giving the first link, even that is very telling.
Whenever you are ready to answer the charge that atheists don't commit crime, non-religious places in numerous countries are safer than the US, the people are often happier than in the US. There aren't many atheists in prison.But that you cannot commit to that being your only purpose in giving the first link, even that is very telling.
Whenever you are ready to explain why these data are wrong, or why the data suggest atheists have good morals, I am waiting.
So, if the purpose for you with the first link is establish that Norwegians are rated very high in happiness, as I said before, we are good on that . If all you wanted was to establish that, and then via the other links try and connect that happiness with atheism, that is fine. Of course, you did not even establish with any of your quotes above from the first link that Norwegians are even mentioned, let alone happy, which is ironic, but since I read the whole article, and did not cherry pick it, I can concur..
But that you cannot commit to that being your only purpose in giving the first link, even that is very telling.
But that you cannot commit to that being your only purpose in giving the first link, even that is very telling.
You have a ton of unanswered questions in here and you run from them like the plague by dancing around the one link about Norwegians happiness for weeks on end.
I told you many times. Forget that one link exists. Pretend I don't have it in my arsenal. Lets stick to the links about happiness of the danes, dutch, germans. Lets stick to the low crime in other nonreligious places. Lets stick to the lack of atheists in prison. Forget the first link exists, how do you explain all this if atheists have no morals?
Answer: You cant. It makes your head smoke and does not compute so you dance and avoid.
Come back with dialogue zolace. You haven't even ever said what you disagree with even in that one link. You have never entered the discussion. Do so, or please shut up.
We will get to that. But, we see how you have cherry picked from the first link, so that has yet to be established that the other links connect atheism to any benefits in any causal way.I told you many times. Forget that one link exists. Pretend I don't have it in my arsenal. Lets stick to the links about happiness of the danes, dutch, germans. Lets stick to the low crime in other nonreligious places. Lets stick to the lack of atheists in prison. Forget the first link exists, how do you explain all this if atheists have no morals?
Answer: You cant. It makes your head smoke and does not compute so you dance and avoid.
Come back with dialogue zolace. You haven't even ever said what you disagree with even in that one link. You have never entered the discussion. Do so, or please shut up.
http://www.forbes.com/sites/christopherhelman/2013/10/29/the-worlds-happiest-and-saddest-countries-2013/
Ok, so I can quote you on agreeing that the first link (above here), by itself, in no way shows that Norwegians happiness has anything to do with atheism.
We can then move on to the other links - unless you voice your disagreement with that. Else, as noted, I can quote you.
It is part of the body of evidence I presented that suggests atheists are law abiding happy people, to which you cannot respond.
Quote
"countries that enjoy peace, freedom, good healthcare, quality education, a functioning political system and plenty of opportunity"
"Legatum scores the world’s countries on entrepreneurship, personal freedom, health, economy, social capital, education, safety & security"
"History of social cohesion"
http://www.forbes.com/sites/christopherhelman/2013/10/29/the-worlds-happiest-and-saddest-countries-2013/
"Legatum scores the world’s countries on entrepreneurship, personal freedom, health, economy, social capital, education, safety & security"
"History of social cohesion"
http://www.forbes.com/sites/christopherhelman/2013/10/29/the-worlds-happiest-and-saddest-countries-2013/
C'mon ...do you agree or disagree with the data hat suggests places with low value on religion and fewer religious people are saf, have low crime and have generally happy people according to surveys? What is your explanation? If atheism takes away people's morals, how are these places so safe and happy? Why are so few atheists in prison? You may disagree with the data. If you do, it would be nice if you were capable of explaining why at some point in the discussion.
You have a ton of unanswered questions in here and you run from them like the plague by dancing around the one link about Norwegians happiness for weeks on end.
I told you many times. Forget that one link exists. Pretend I don't have it in my arsenal. Lets stick to the links about happiness of the danes, dutch, germans. Lets stick to the low crime in other nonreligious places. Lets stick to the lack of atheists in prison. Forget the first link exists, how do you explain all this if atheists have no morals?
Answer: You cant. It makes your head smoke and does not compute so you dance and avoid.
Come back with dialogue zolace. You haven't even ever said what you disagree with even in that one link. You have never entered the discussion. Do so, or please shut up.
We will get to that. But, we see how you have cherry picked from the first link, so that has yet to be established that the other links connect atheism to any benefits in any causal way.I told you many times. Forget that one link exists. Pretend I don't have it in my arsenal. Lets stick to the links about happiness of the danes, dutch, germans. Lets stick to the low crime in other nonreligious places. Lets stick to the lack of atheists in prison. Forget the first link exists, how do you explain all this if atheists have no morals?
Answer: You cant. It makes your head smoke and does not compute so you dance and avoid.
Come back with dialogue zolace. You haven't even ever said what you disagree with even in that one link. You have never entered the discussion. Do so, or please shut up.
http://www.forbes.com/sites/christopherhelman/2013/10/29/the-worlds-happiest-and-saddest-countries-2013/
Ok, so I can quote you on agreeing that the first link (above here), by itself, in no way shows that Norwegians happiness has anything to do with atheism.
We can then move on to the other links - unless you voice your disagreement with that. Else, as noted, I can quote you.
It is part of the body of evidence I presented that suggests atheists are law abiding happy people, to which you cannot respond.
You have a ton of unanswered questions in here and you run from them like the plague by dancing around the one link about Norwegians happiness for weeks on end.
I told you many times. Forget that one link exists. Pretend I don't have it in my arsenal. Lets stick to the links about happiness of the danes, dutch, germans. Lets stick to the low crime in other nonreligious places. Lets stick to the lack of atheists in prison. Forget the first link exists, how do you explain all this if atheists have no morals?
Answer: You cant. It makes your head smoke and does not compute so you dance and avoid.
Come back with dialogue zolace. You haven't even ever said what you disagree with even in that one link. You have never entered the discussion. Do so, or please shut up.
We will get to that. But, we see how you have cherry picked from the first link, so that has yet to be established that the other links connect atheism to any benefits in any causal way.I told you many times. Forget that one link exists. Pretend I don't have it in my arsenal. Lets stick to the links about happiness of the danes, dutch, germans. Lets stick to the low crime in other nonreligious places. Lets stick to the lack of atheists in prison. Forget the first link exists, how do you explain all this if atheists have no morals?
Answer: You cant. It makes your head smoke and does not compute so you dance and avoid.
Come back with dialogue zolace. You haven't even ever said what you disagree with even in that one link. You have never entered the discussion. Do so, or please shut up.
http://www.forbes.com/sites/christopherhelman/2013/10/29/the-worlds-happiest-and-saddest-countries-2013/
Ok, so I can quote you on agreeing that the first link (above here), by itself, in no way shows that Norwegians happiness has anything to do with atheism.
We can then move on to the other links - unless you voice your disagreement with that. Else, as noted, I can quote you.
You have a ton of unanswered questions in here and you run from them like the plague by dancing around the one link about Norwegians happiness for weeks on end.
I told you many times. Forget that one link exists. Pretend I don't have it in my arsenal. Lets stick to the links about happiness of the danes, dutch, germans. Lets stick to the low crime in other nonreligious places. Lets stick to the lack of atheists in prison. Forget the first link exists, how do you explain all this if atheists have no morals?
Answer: You cant. It makes your head smoke and does not compute so you dance and avoid.
Come back with dialogue zolace. You haven't even ever said what you disagree with even in that one link. You have never entered the discussion. Do so, or please shut up.
I told you many times. Forget that one link exists. Pretend I don't have it in my arsenal. Lets stick to the links about happiness of the danes, dutch, germans. Lets stick to the low crime in other nonreligious places. Lets stick to the lack of atheists in prison. Forget the first link exists, how do you explain all this if atheists have no morals?
Answer: You cant. It makes your head smoke and does not compute so you dance and avoid.
Come back with dialogue zolace. You haven't even ever said what you disagree with even in that one link. You have never entered the discussion. Do so, or please shut up.
Quote
My argument is that atheists are happy. The one link above does show that..
This is why we cannot move on. You go back and forth on this. You stated the below, and the above. Do clarify what you mean by the below - that the first link alone does not make the case. Does not make the case for what?Quote
the first link alone doesn't make the case.
I guess you prefer lying to debating .
The first link, by itself, does not support your case. You had agreed to that. But, frankly, it sounds like you are now backtracking. I think you know if you were to honestly stop cherry picking, you would lose your case here.
Pick a position on the first link - and stick with it please. Either it does not, by itself, support that Norwegians happiness has anything to do with atheism.
Or it does - in which case, show from the first link as to why (something you have not done).
All you can do is dance around the one link without ever even explaining what you think is wrong with it. If you think the atheists among the Norwegians actually aren't happy or crime free, then explain yourself. If you think that atheists have no morals, explain why crime is low in nonreligious places.....explain why there are no atheists in prison.
Quote
My argument is that atheists are happy. The one link above does show that..
This is why we cannot move on. You go back and forth on this. You stated the below, and the above. Do clarify what you mean by the below - that the first link alone does not make the case. Does not make the case for what?Quote
the first link alone doesn't make the case.
I guess you prefer lying to debating .
The first link, by itself, does not support your case. You had agreed to that. But, frankly, it sounds like you are now backtracking. I think you know if you were to honestly stop cherry picking, you would lose your case here.
Pick a position on the first link - and stick with it please. Either it does not, by itself, support that Norwegians happiness has anything to do with atheism.
Or it does - in which case, show from the first link as to why (something you have not done).
Quote
My argument is that atheists are happy. The one link above does show that..
This is why we cannot move on. You go back and forth on this. You stated the below, and the above. Do clarify what you mean by the below - that the first link alone does not make the case. Does not make the case for what?Quote
the first link alone doesn't make the case.
I guess you prefer lying to debating .
I repeat for the 50th time.
My argument is that atheists are happy. The one link above does show that. They have social cohesion......more than in the US......the one link and others also mentions that. There are many other sources of evidence in the US and abroad. In fact, in the US, a larger percentage of religious people think that life has no purpose compared to atheists.....albeit not huge. The evidence on crime suggests atheists and non-religious people live in crime free communities. There are few atheists in prison. Atheists are clearly not lacking morals.
Taken together....your premise that atheism is bad and leads to no control on morals, etc. is not supported by any of the evidences and you have yet to enter the discussion and provide any rebuttal whatsoever.
My argument is that atheists are happy. The one link above does show that. They have social cohesion......more than in the US......the one link and others also mentions that. There are many other sources of evidence in the US and abroad. In fact, in the US, a larger percentage of religious people think that life has no purpose compared to atheists.....albeit not huge. The evidence on crime suggests atheists and non-religious people live in crime free communities. There are few atheists in prison. Atheists are clearly not lacking morals.
Taken together....your premise that atheism is bad and leads to no control on morals, etc. is not supported by any of the evidences and you have yet to enter the discussion and provide any rebuttal whatsoever.
These places have much lower value on religion than the US and many more atheists? T or F
These places have lower crime rates than the US? T or F
Very few people attend church in places like Norway (see my links). T or F
These places (not just Norway) rate high on quality of life and happiness surveys. T or F
In anonymous surveys of over 4000 prison inmates in the US, only 0.07% reported they were atheist. T or F
...you posit atheism is bad, there are no morals, atheist places are bad. How can you explain the answers above?
How can that be ?
Run away...change the subject. Stick to your talking points...."but that one link" Don't enter the discussion.
I do concede that you cherry picked pieces of info from this link below, no disagreement with you there. You clearly do not disagree with that.These places have lower crime rates than the US? T or F
Very few people attend church in places like Norway (see my links). T or F
These places (not just Norway) rate high on quality of life and happiness surveys. T or F
In anonymous surveys of over 4000 prison inmates in the US, only 0.07% reported they were atheist. T or F
...you posit atheism is bad, there are no morals, atheist places are bad. How can you explain the answers above?
How can that be ?
Run away...change the subject. Stick to your talking points...."but that one link" Don't enter the discussion.
http://www.forbes.com/sites/christopherhelman/2013/10/29/the-worlds-happiest-and-saddest-countries-2013/
I also agree with you below that if anyone was to read this link alone, they would never get the impression that atheism had any connection with Norwegians happiness.
rigon: the first link alone doesn't make the case.
So, again, with you NOT disagreeing with the above, we can start considering the other links (and perhaps find you cherry picked there also) - which other link that you provided should we begin with next?
No one but you ever considers one piece of information alone in a vacuum when making an argument. I understand that approach for you, the same one you take with evolution, is a requirement for you to hold onto lies and excuses. If you had to consider all the evidence, your game would end.
These places have much lower value on religion than the US and many more atheists? T or F
These places have lower crime rates than the US? T or F
Very few people attend church in places like Norway (see my links). T or F
These places (not just Norway) rate high on quality of life and happiness surveys. T or F
In anonymous surveys of over 4000 prison inmates in the US, only 0.07% reported they were atheist. T or F
...you posit atheism is bad, there are no morals, atheist places are bad. How can you explain the answers above?
How can that be ?
Run away...change the subject. Stick to your talking points...."but that one link" Don't enter the discussion.
I do concede that you cherry picked pieces of info from this link below, no disagreement with you there. You clearly do not disagree with that.These places have lower crime rates than the US? T or F
Very few people attend church in places like Norway (see my links). T or F
These places (not just Norway) rate high on quality of life and happiness surveys. T or F
In anonymous surveys of over 4000 prison inmates in the US, only 0.07% reported they were atheist. T or F
...you posit atheism is bad, there are no morals, atheist places are bad. How can you explain the answers above?
How can that be ?
Run away...change the subject. Stick to your talking points...."but that one link" Don't enter the discussion.
http://www.forbes.com/sites/christopherhelman/2013/10/29/the-worlds-happiest-and-saddest-countries-2013/
I also agree with you below that if anyone was to read this link alone, they would never get the impression that atheism had any connection with Norwegians happiness.
rigon: the first link alone doesn't make the case.
So, again, with you NOT disagreeing with the above, we can start considering the other links (and perhaps find you cherry picked there also) - which other link that you provided should we begin with next?
These places have much lower value on religion than the US and many more atheists? T or F
These places have lower crime rates than the US? T or F
Very few people attend church in places like Norway (see my links). T or F
These places (not just Norway) rate high on quality of life and happiness surveys. T or F
In anonymous surveys of over 4000 prison inmates in the US, only 0.07% reported they were atheist. T or F
...you posit atheism is bad, there are no morals, atheist places are bad. How can you explain the answers above?
How can that be ?
Run away...change the subject. Stick to your talking points...."but that one link" Don't enter the discussion.
These places have lower crime rates than the US? T or F
Very few people attend church in places like Norway (see my links). T or F
These places (not just Norway) rate high on quality of life and happiness surveys. T or F
In anonymous surveys of over 4000 prison inmates in the US, only 0.07% reported they were atheist. T or F
...you posit atheism is bad, there are no morals, atheist places are bad. How can you explain the answers above?
How can that be ?
Run away...change the subject. Stick to your talking points...."but that one link" Don't enter the discussion.
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